Stopping the Slide and Rising Above the Tide: Entrepreneurial Education to Move Out of Necessity into Opportunity Available to Purchase

In this paper, we extend traditional notions of necessity entrepreneurship (NE) to encompass unemployment due to employment-substituting technologies (EST). This results in two tasks for entrepreneurship education targeted to necessity entrepreneurs: (1) to move entrepreneurs out of the subsistence category into more productive and innovative forms of entrepreneurship or into wage employment and (2) to engage people in the creation of higher incomes and new jobs. We examine how the causal, adaptive, visionary and effectual (CAVE) framework that has been shown to incorporate all existing entrepreneurial tools and techniques can accomplish these two tasks by aligning with and enhancing relevant cognitions, thereby not only lifting people out of poverty but also preventing them from sliding into it through EST-induced unemployment.