Circular construction materials in global supply chains: adoption barriers in the UK-China Available to Purchase

The adoption of repurposed construction and demolition waste (CD&W) as circular construction materials faces significant supply chain barriers that vary considerably across different national contexts. This comparative study examines supply chain inefficiencies impeding CD&W valorisation in the UK and China, two markets with contrasting regulatory frameworks, industry structures, and development stages. Through qualitative analysis of 28 stakeholder interviews (15 UK, 13 China), comparative policy document analysis as well as quantitative industry analysis, this research identifies both universal and context-specific barriers to circular construction adoption. The study reveals that while both markets share common challenges around logistics infrastructure and quality assurance, they exhibit distinct characteristics: the UK faces barriers rooted in market fragmentation and risk-averse financing, while China confronts challenges stemming from rapid urbanisation scale, regulatory inconsistencies, and centralised planning constraints. The findings contribute to understanding how national institutional contexts shape circular economy transitions and provide insights for developing context-appropriate intervention strategies. The research demonstrates that effective circular construction policies must address both universal supply chain challenges and nation-specific institutional characteristics.