Table 1

The reviews of artificial intelligence in education

AuthorTheoretical framework
Bozkurt et al. (2021)  AI, pedagogy, technological issues 
Chen et al. (2022)  Combine AI technologies with education, learning and teaching 
Zhai et al. (2021)  AI technology, pedagogical design, domain knowledge and human factor 
Feng and Law (2021)  Three-step multi-scale (macro, meso, micro) framework 
Chassignol et al. (2018)  Educational process (content, teaching methods, assessment, communication) combine with specific AI technology 
Baker and Smith (2019)  Learner-facing, teacher-facing and system-facing 
Cox (2021)  Learning, administration and research 
Talan (2021)  Without particular framework, focusing on AI in higher education 
Pua et al. (2021)  Students’ learning, the relationship between teacher and machine, risk 
Salas-Pilco and Yang (2022)  Pedagogy design: learning, teaching and management/administration
AI application: predictive modeling in education, AI computer-assisted content analysis, assistive technology, intelligent analytics, image analytics
AI techniques, software tools and algorithms used 
AuthorTheoretical framework
Bozkurt et al. (2021)  AI, pedagogy, technological issues 
Chen et al. (2022)  Combine AI technologies with education, learning and teaching 
Zhai et al. (2021)  AI technology, pedagogical design, domain knowledge and human factor 
Feng and Law (2021)  Three-step multi-scale (macro, meso, micro) framework 
Chassignol et al. (2018)  Educational process (content, teaching methods, assessment, communication) combine with specific AI technology 
Baker and Smith (2019)  Learner-facing, teacher-facing and system-facing 
Cox (2021)  Learning, administration and research 
Talan (2021)  Without particular framework, focusing on AI in higher education 
Pua et al. (2021)  Students’ learning, the relationship between teacher and machine, risk 
Salas-Pilco and Yang (2022)  Pedagogy design: learning, teaching and management/administration
AI application: predictive modeling in education, AI computer-assisted content analysis, assistive technology, intelligent analytics, image analytics
AI techniques, software tools and algorithms used 

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