Unit root test results
| . | ADF . | PP . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables . | Level . | First difference . | Level . | First difference . | Integration order . |
| LnCP | −0.8101 (0.9526) | −6.0829 (0.0002) | −0.3424 (0.9849) | −8.1839 (0.0000) | I(1) |
| LnAAT | −5.1615 (0.0015) | −5.1419 (0.0018) | −5.1620 (0.0014) | −15.8709 (0.0000) | I(0) |
| LnFC | −4.0507 (0.0184) | −5.8372 (0.0003) | −4.0318 (0.0192) | −12.9554 (0.0000) | I(0) |
| LnPU | −4.7810 (0.0036) | −6.2190 (0.0003) | −4.9153 (0.0025) | −11.8785 (0.0000) | I(0) |
| LnCA | −1.4336 (0.8280) | −5.9325 (0.0002) | −1.2956 (0.8682) | −5.9808 (0.0002) | I(1) |
| LnEC | −1.5858 (0.7708) | −6.7209 (0.0000) | −2.2567 (0.4422) | −10.4871 (0.0000) | I(1) |
| . | ADF . | PP . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables . | Level . | First difference . | Level . | First difference . | Integration order . |
| LnCP | −0.8101 (0.9526) | −6.0829 (0.0002) | −0.3424 (0.9849) | −8.1839 (0.0000) | I(1) |
| LnAAT | −5.1615 (0.0015) | −5.1419 (0.0018) | −5.1620 (0.0014) | −15.8709 (0.0000) | I(0) |
| LnFC | −4.0507 (0.0184) | −5.8372 (0.0003) | −4.0318 (0.0192) | −12.9554 (0.0000) | I(0) |
| LnPU | −4.7810 (0.0036) | −6.2190 (0.0003) | −4.9153 (0.0025) | −11.8785 (0.0000) | I(0) |
| LnCA | −1.4336 (0.8280) | −5.9325 (0.0002) | −1.2956 (0.8682) | −5.9808 (0.0002) | I(1) |
| LnEC | −1.5858 (0.7708) | −6.7209 (0.0000) | −2.2567 (0.4422) | −10.4871 (0.0000) | I(1) |
Notes:
PP = Phillips–Perron; ADF = Augmented Dickey–Fuller; Ln = log from; CP = Crop production; AAT = Average annual temperature; FC = Fertilizer consumption; PU = Pesticide use; CA = Cultivated area and EC = Energy consumption